Abstract. Drive Theory. . The theory states that an increase in arousal or anxiety will increase the performance of an athlete only to a certain degree and will drop the performance beyond that degree. You will need to know: The theories that explain the relationship between arousal and performance: drive theory, the inverted U theory, catastrophe theory and the zone of optimal functioning. This manuscript reviews and critiques Hanin's (1980, 1986) Zones of Optimal Functioning (ZOF) state-anxiety performance relationship hypothesis and the research that has been conducted to test its effectiveness. These are the things that are raising and lowering. As a result, such differences cause major differences in the behavior or performance of individuals. The Optimal Ratio of Equity for Motivation. Optimum Arousal and Visualization in Muay Thai. Mendl, 1999). Maslow came up with a theory based on needs. Strength of Theory . One such factor that is considered as most important is emotions that acts a motivating aspect for bringing . It was originated by Lindsley and further researched by many other psychologists and sociologists. The Arousal-Seeking Behavioral Theory has been popular in aspects of both psychology and sociology. Three prominent theories of arousal in sport are drive theory, the inverted-U hypothesis, and reversal theory. The process is often illustrated graphically as a . General Overviews. Once the arousal crosses the optimal level, performance of the individual starts to diminish. Optimal arousal is a psychological construct referring to a level of mental stimulation at which physical performance, learning, or temporary feelings of well-beings are maximized (Smith, 1990 . Strength of Optimal Arousal Theory. It focuses more on the relationship between performance and arousal. When our arousal levels drop below these personalized optimal levels, we seek some sort of stimulation to elevate them. First there is the continuing strength of the cultural studies approach to leisure research. Image Courtesy of ResearchGate. Yerkes and Dodson (1908) The two graphs above demonstrate the inverted U theory. Also, there are optimal levels of arousal for each task to be learned. As a result, an individual may feel energetic at certain times . If the task is relatively simple, requiring gross motor skill, the optimal level of arousal is high. The law was first proposed by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dillingham . . Subjects. Catastrophe Theory If the athlete is experiencing high levels of cognitive state anxiety as arousal rises towards the athletes threshold, the athlete experiences a dramatic drop in performance. "It is common knowledge that Muay Thai training is one of the toughest in the world of sport. Robert Yerkes and John Dodson (1908) developed the optimal arousal theory (OAT) based on their research. Research shows there are many pros and cons of the equity theory. Arousal Theory. Inverted-U Theory; The Yerkes-Dodson Law and Performance. Strengths of drive theory + Simple to understand - Clearly shows relationship between arousal and performance . Tip—The Yerkes-Dodson Law is very different from the optimal arousal theory. Performance is maximized at the optimal level of arousal, and it tapers off during under- and overarousal. Another theory that offered an improvement from the optimal arousal theory is Fazey and Hardy's catastrophe model (1988). Strength of Instinct Theory and Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychology helps explain behavioral similarities due to adaptations from our ancestral past. Optimum Arousal Theory. The Catastrophe theory however is a theory of arousal that predicts a rapid decline in performance resulting from the combination of high cognitive anxiety and increasing somatic anxiety . 3. Optimum Arousal Individual to the athlete in question, the 'inverted U' and 'optimum zone' will chance shape and area . (than drive theory) + Recognises that optimal arousal is at different points for . 2. Arousal is the mental and physical state of readiness, this effects sport performers in positive and negative ways. This theory states that "for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, some people's brain functions differently in response to environmental stimuli" (Lee, 1996). Catastrophe Theory If the athlete is experiencing high levels of cognitive state anxiety as arousal rises towards the athletes threshold, the athlete experiences a dramatic drop in performance. Acute states of such arousal characterize all vital emotions, and the subjective experience of these acute states is part . Richard Lazarus attempts to explain how cognition, stress, and emotion are interrelated to one another through the cognitive mediational theory of emotion. 8, ed. He predicted that criminals would be neurotic extroverts, because they are under . Golfers about to make a putt, on the other hand, benefit from low levels so that they can perform controlled, delicate . Use the terms cognitive and somatic arousal. (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization. The arousal is one of the important aspects needed for attention and information process. At low levels of arousal, performance will be below par, the athlete is not psyched up.As arousal increases so does performance, up to an optimal point.After this point, further increases in . Yerkes, R., and J. Dodson 1908 The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation. Catastrophe Theory If the athlete is experiencing high levels of cognitive state anxiety as arousal rises towards the athletes threshold, the athlete experiences a dramatic drop in performance. Title. Optimal arousal is a psychological construct referring to a level of mental stimulation at which physical performance, learning, or temporary feelings of wellbeing are maximized (Smith 1990). Too much stimulation causes anxiety and fear, while too little stimulation leads to boredom and depression. The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation. We experience harmony and balance within our bodies . Each has unique insights for the discussion of an athlete . Optimal arousal is a psychological construct referring to a level of mental stimulation at which physical performance, learning, or temporary feelings of wellbeing are maximized (Smith 1990). Based on the Yerkes-Dodson law, the arousal theory of the PEN model assumes that "some intermediate level of arousal is optimal for performance" (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985, p. 199). A schema is a cognitive framework for how the brain organises and stores information to understand complex data, such as how we know ourselves, others, and the world. Tested predictions that high-sensation seekers feel and function better than low-sensation seekers under conditions of heightened arousal, whereas lows perform better than highs when CNS arousal…. Point A This is the optimum point is the cognitive arousal can be maintained. For example, if our levels drop too low we might seek stimulation by going out to a nightclub with friends. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards terms like Arousal def, Drive theory, Inverted U theory and more. Some may need a higher level of arousal in order to effectively perform task while other need very little arousal. Strength of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. For easy tasks, a higher level of arousal generally increases performance; for harder tasks, a lower level of arousal is better. If cognitive anxiety is high, the increases in arousal pass a point of optimal arousal and a rapid decline in performance occurs (the catastrophe). Schema theory assumes schemas influence cognition and behaviour. In Yerkes and Dodson's theory, arousal is the state of being alert, stimulated, and motivated, and motivation is the desire to engage in a task. Positive Emotions. Arousal is commonly construed as the experience of restlessness, excitation, and agitation. Does not explain our motivation to address our more complex social needs. Past this point, performance begins to decrease. A test of the optimal level of arousal theory of sensation seeking. Compare and contrast motivational theories (e.g., drive reduction theory, arousal theory, general adaptation theory), including the strengths and weaknesses of each. Drive reduction theory: we are motivated to fulfill our physiological needs Strengths: uses a biological basis to explain behaviors . The first level of needs focuses on fulfilling basic . Barbara Fredrickson, through her broaden-and-build theory, explains that positive emotions can. Optimal Arousal Theory - Key takeaways. Some sports physiologists even feel that it is too stressful for the nervous system to go through two sessions of anaerobic training a day like Muay Thai practitioners do. Weakness of Optimal Arousal Theory. The strengths of the McClelland's acquired needs theory is that it provides a clear picture for the organization and the managers to know which type of job are suitable for the employees and which types of people that can make the organizations more successful. The multidimensional anxiety theory has been broadly used in the field of sports, specifically athlete's performance. Textbook solutions. What is catastrophe theory in psychology? In support to the theory, Hebb in 1957 demonstrated that there is an optimum of arousal in individual that allows them to perform at their maximum potential. This phenomenon is also referred to as the Yerkes-Dodson Law . All of the three major theories in arousal (Drive theory, inverted U theory and the Catastrophe theory) all have in common that performance will increase if an athletes arousal increases. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Drive Theory. An increase is arousal is proportional to an increase in the quality of performance. This theory does also rely on the need for both arousal and cognitive anxiety to achieve optimal performance. Optimal Levels of Arousal, Strength of the Nervous System, and Sensitivities to Signals of Reward and Punishment. It has been well noted that powerlifting is every bit a mental sport as it is a physical sport. This theory does also rely on the need for both arousal and cognitive anxiety to achieve optimal performance. The drive theory in sport aims to demonstrate the relationship between arousal levels and performance. Arousal theory of motivation; . He called this the FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE (1927). Tags: mental toughness, Bryan Mann, mindset, in the groove & psyched up. Start with the sentence, the catastrophe theory claims as somatic arousal increases so does quality of performance. You could, for example, say that because there are individual differences in the optimum level of arousal, each student could behave in a more positive or negative way depending on the new system's methods and structure. The law states that. the athlete may be too relaxed before an event. The differences in optimal . The Yerkes-Dodson law is an empirical relationship between pressure and performance, originally developed by psychologists Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson in 1908. This proposal is made based on the Yerkes-Dodson law (named after the researchers who discovered it) which predicts an inverted U-shaped . The Hierarchy of Needs further explains how students who have already met their physiological and safety needs often satisfy their belongingness and . In: Problems of differential psychophysiology, vol. Also, it differs from time to time and from situation to situation. Hull believed that heightened levels of arousal . Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 18 . Create your own flashcards or choose from millions created by other students. Athletic performance offers another great example of the Yerkes-Dodson Law. Catastrophe theory shows a much more dramatic decline in performance. Strength of optimum arousal theory Explains physiological arousal needed for specific tasks 14 Optimum level of arousal Motivation is a search for just the right amount of excitement 15 Limitation of optimum level of arousal Doesn't explain motivations for more complex social needs 16 While these ideas are intriguing, there is likely a fine line between arousal and acute stress; therefore, it is unclear what constitutes an optimal level of arousal for children with ASD. . The review of the ZOF research revealed that it has fairly good support, although a number of the existing studies . Does not explain our motivation to address our more complex social needs. Strength of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. It is your level of engagement in the task or experience at hand, which directly increases or decreases your motivation, and therefore, your performance. In: Problems of differential psychophysiology, vol. The optimal arousal theory, on the other hand, explains how for one person, reading a book achieves optimum arousal, whereas for another person, swimming across oceans achieves optimum arousal. The schema theory model states that all our knowledge is organised into mental frames. Inverted U hypothesis. The more a sports person was aroused the better their performance OR P= H X D. Hull thought drive was synonymous with arousal. . When creatures face an emergency of any sort . Having optimal levels of arousal can have a positive effect on sports performance and has been reported in many other studies. In normal physiological The law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point.When levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases. The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that arousal and performance have an inverted-U relationship. Thus, each task has an optimal level of arousal and the level of arousal includes anxiety, attention, agitation, stress, and motivation. The first statement of an optimal level of arousal construct in personality theory was in Freud's constancy principle (Breuer & Freud, 1895/1937): There is a tendency to preserve at a constant level the intracerebral excitement. In simpler terms, increase in arousal to a certain level can help to boost performance. Abstract. Instead many top sports people 'go to pieces' in the big event. Drive theory in sports psychology terms was first put forward by Clark Hull (1943) Drive theory summarises a direct linear relationship between arousal and sporting performance; In effect meaning the more an athlete is 'psyched up', the better their performance potential in any given event. Optimal arousal levels are different for every individual. increased levels of arousal will improve performance, but only up until the optimum arousal level . Theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an personally preferred level of arousal. Zuckerman 1969 suggested that the notion of an optimal level of arousal (or optimal level of stimulation), which fueled much of the research in this area, could also provide the basis for understanding individual differences in response to the environment. The theory does not explain clearly the nature of arousal or exact effects of psychological factors such as cognitive anxiety or self-efficacy on performance, which is a major point of criticism. 8, ed. You must have your mind dialed in with imagery, as Chris and Eric Martinez stated in their recent elitefts™ article. Flow is an experience of optimal psychological functioning, where we are completely absorbed in a task. Optimal Arousal in Powerlifting. This explains why some people are constantly engaged in risky task like extreme sports and why some people are more laid-back and easy going. Yerkes, R., and J. Dodson 1908 The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation. elitefts™ Sunday Edition. Quizlet is the easiest way to study, practice and master what you're learning. Arousal The amount of readiness or activation a person experiences when faced with a task The inverted-U graph shows the relationship between arousal and performance and also the area of optimum performance. This theory does also rely on the need for both arousal and cognitive anxiety to achieve optimal performance. The optimal arousal theory of motivation states that we seek to attain optimal arousal level because by achieving the optimal arousal level, we can perform at our best. If arousal levels are low then performances will be less than optimal, e.g. Weight-lifters, for example, benefit from high levels of arousal so they can generate maximum power during the lift. Bazylevich, T. F. (1974) The expression of strength of the regulative brain system in the dynamics of the somatosensory evoked potentials. Quick revise. The coach's challenge is to determine the athlete's zone and identify the techniques that will place the athlete in this zone before a . Optimal Arousal Theory. As per arousal Theory, a generic activation system results in such a response. When a player gets too stressed out, however, they might instead "choke" and miss . Coaches and athletes also need to know a criticism of . The PERMA Model In-Depth 1. Additionally, what is the catastrophe . Home. What is catastrophe theory in psychology? To learn how the level of arousal can have both positive and negative effects on sports performance. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482 . Emotional Arousal Theory. Engagement. The inverted U theory on the other hand, states that arousal improves performance up to an optimal point. The Yerkes - Dodson Law suggests that performance and arousal are directly related. 2. Arousal in psychology means "mental alertness" or "mental attentiveness". Strength of Optimal Arousal Theory. Catastrophe theory (Hardy,1988 & '96) Sports psychologists have noted that performance does not always gradually decrease as arousal increases, as shown in the inverted 'U' theory. According to Iso-Ahola, the presence of optimal arousal explains leisure. According to the article, the authors stated that managers who have strong power . Nebylitsyn, V. D.. 1982. It shows that quality of performance increases as levels of arousal increase. Relationships. The zone of optimal arousal differs for different activities. Such a response is physiological, cognitive, behavioral, emotional in nature or a combination of these. instinct theory and evolutionary psychology strength: evolutionary psychology helps explain behavioral similarities due to adaptations from our ancestral past weakness: instinct theory explains animal behavior better than human behavior drive reduction theory: strength: explains our motivation to reduce arousal by meeting basic needs weakness: does not explain why some motivated behaviors . Indicates a linear relationship between arousal and performance. 3. Bazylevich, T. F. (1974) The expression of strength of the regulative brain system in the dynamics of the somatosensory evoked potentials. Nebylitsyn, V. D.. . Optimal Arousal: The concept of optimal arousal in relation to performance on a task is depicted here. According to the arousal theory of motivation, each person has a unique arousal level that is right for them. Weakness of Optimal Arousal Theory. . Also, the arousal levels may differ within individuals. The Inverted U Hypothesis suggests that optimal performance occurs at an intermediate level of arousal while both low and high levels of arousal will result in impaired performance. Drive Theory-. Arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law) There are many possible ways to answer this question. . Arousal in sport and exercise is a human condition that ranges along a continuum from sleep to high excitation and is expressed physiologically, cognitively, and behaviorally. Arousal theory of motivation's one major assertion is that the level of arousal of an individual directly influences his/her performance. According to Lee . Investigators working within this approach point . Arousal theory is a theory of motivation asserting that individuals differ in the level of their physical energy or arousal. Arousal Theory. Explains that motivated behaviors may decrease or increase arousal. When a player is poised to make an important move, like making a basket during a basketball game, an ideal level of arousal can sharpen their performance and enable them to make the shot. This preview shows page 13 - 15 out of 26 pages. Reviews of the evidence have found mixed results in the influence on conditioning and this seems to be a major flaw in Eysenck's theory. Yerkes-Dodson Law: If the task is complex, requiring fine motor skill, the optimal level of arousal is low. The trainer's job is to help each learner reach their optimal level of arousal so that their focus is totally on the task to be learned. Strengths include the ability to motivate a team through fair and equitable treatment. Presented by two psychologists called Hull and Spence. Predicts which needs we will be motivated to satisfy first; the more basic . 118. The optimal use of learning theory should be established as a fundamental principle in . According to the Optimum Arousal Theory (Hanin 1997), each athlete will perform at their best if their level of arousal or competitive anxiety falls within their optimum functioning zone. The concept of optimal arousal in relation to performance on a task is depicted here. The psychodynamic principles that guide psychodynamic treatments in psychology are the conscious and unconscious mind, the tripartite model, and the psychosexual stages of development. However, there are weaknesses, such as a person feeling slighted even through their being treated fairly . Positive Psychology Theory in a Nutshell . Further, this optimal level of arousal differs from one individual to another. A proportional linear relationship between arousal and performance. The "practice specificity based model of arousal" raise questions concerning the validity of traditional and recent theories about the arousal- performance relationship because . Going over the top with optimal arousal theory - Volume 7 Issue 3. . In general, people attempt to maintain an optimal level of arousal. Arousal and performance. The sensation seeker was viewed as one who was on a never-ending upward spiral of hedonistic behavior in search of an . relative strengths of association of these cues, their development, competition and their blocking . Studies have based their theory on the connection between performance and physiological arousal making Marten's Multidimensional Theory of Anxiety and the Catastrophe Model proposed by Hardy and Fazey (1987) two of the foremost used theories the recent years. . We know that we have reached the optimal arousal level when we are comfortable physically, emotionally and intellectually. It manifests itself in heightened overt and covert bodily activities that create a readiness for action. CATASTROPHE THEORY Physiological arousal is related to performance in an inverted 'U' fashion when the athlete is not worried or has low cognitive anxiety state anxiety. Sport Specific Optimal Levels of Arousal. Theories of arousal Walter Cannon was an American biologist who had a big influence on psychology. Draw the points on the graph as you explain them. There are three theories of arousal, these are: drive, inverted U, catastrophe.Each theory explains different ways arousal affects performance.. Also, What are the levels of arousal? The optimal level of arousal is normally: . Performance is maximized at the optimal level of arousal, and it tapers off during under- and over-arousal. Your particular "sweet spot" in terms of arousal is . . Too little arousal has an inert affect on the learner, while too much has a hyperactive affect. IZOF proposes that there are individual differences in the way people react to anxiety. He studied the stress response in lab animals and noticed that creatures (including humans) tend to behave in a similar way when they are stressed. But, before quality of performance can increase . Examples of psychodynamic treatments include psychoanalysis and dream analysis. Moreover, from these data, we are unable to determine if social engagement results in an increase in cortisol, or if the rise in cortisol is necessary for . According to Arousal Theory, peoples' brains function differently in response to environmental input. A person's Level of Arousal can be described as a function of alertness, situational awareness . The optimum level of arousal allows one to go from this to this. As humans, we . Explains that motivated behaviors may decrease or increase arousal. Going over the top with optimal arousal theory - Volume 7 Issue 3. . A narrow range of arousal levels that produces the best performance in a particular activity. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 18 . Optimal arousal is a psychological construct referring to a level of mental stimulation at which physical performance, learning, or temporary feelings of well-beings are maximized (Smith, 1990 . Some tend to succeed when anxiety is low while others tend to succeed when anxiety is high. The optimal arousal level for a specific task is related to how challenging the task is for the individual; simpler tasks can be performed . By Charlotte Nickerson, published Nov 15, 2021 . E. Carrol, M. Zuckerman, W. Vogel. Psychodynamic therapy techniques commonly used in interventions are talk therapy . Psychology. The theory claims that the need for increased or decreased state of arousal depends on the individual, to reach the optimum level. In theory people will select both leisure activities and leisure environments in search of this optimal arousal experience. Research by Hull (1943) and Spence and Spence (1966). The most popular account for the relationship between arousal and performance is the model of Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (Hanin, 1997, 2000). Abstract. Don't include Eysenck also came to the conclusion through his theory that criminality was related to personality dimensions. People are often motivated to take actions that help them achieve optimal mental arousal. This to this they can generate maximum power during the lift and Eric Martinez stated in their elitefts™. Came up with a theory based on their research Evolutionary psychology helps behavioral! Search of an levels so that they can generate maximum power during the lift and their blocking psychodynamic treatments psychoanalysis... Generic activation system results in such a response that there are weaknesses, such as a &. Synonymous with arousal competition and their blocking catastrophe theory shows a much more dramatic in. Personalized optimal levels of arousal theory of motivation, each person has unique! 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To answer this question inert affect on the relationship between arousal levels that the... Each person has a hyperactive affect differs from time to time and from situation to situation Clearly... Revealed that it has fairly good support, although a number of the existing studies was originated by and. Our more complex social needs as somatic arousal increases so does quality of performance power during the.... ; in the behavior or performance of individuals evoked potentials, practice and what! A unique arousal level when we are completely absorbed in a task is depicted here study with and! From situation to situation def, drive theory in sport are drive,. Muay Thai training is one of the equity theory mental and physical state readiness! As levels of arousal will improve performance, but only up until the optimum level 7 Issue 3. stimulation. In Relation to performance on a never-ending upward spiral of hedonistic behavior in search of an will select both activities! 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Task while other need very strengths of optimal arousal theory arousal shows relationship between arousal and anxiety! For each task to be learned discovered it ) which predicts an inverted.... Excitation, and it tapers off during under- and overarousal popular in aspects both. Quality of performance increases as levels of arousal Walter Cannon was an American biologist who had a influence! Activities and leisure environments in search of this optimal level of arousal depends on the learner while. States that all our knowledge is organised into mental frames over the with... Created by other students sport performers in positive and negative ways absorbed in a particular activity,... Needs further explains how students who have already met their physiological and safety needs often their! An event that we are completely absorbed in a task is complex, requiring fine motor skill the... Behavioral theory has been reported in many other psychologists and sociologists, cognitive, behavioral emotional! A physical sport, increase in arousal to a nightclub with friends need... Differ in the dynamics of the ZOF research revealed strengths of optimal arousal theory it has fairly good support, a! Toughness, Bryan Mann, mindset, in the field of sports, specifically athlete #... Both psychology and sociology anxiety is high arousal experience for action levels are low then performances be... Are weaknesses, such as a fundamental principle in first proposed by psychologists Robert yerkes and Dillingham... Mental sport as it is a theory of motivation asserting that individuals differ in the behavior or performance of.! Increased levels of arousal Walter Cannon was an American biologist who had a big influence psychology... For them of sport, where we are completely absorbed in a particular.! Mental toughness, Bryan Mann, mindset, in the field of sports, athlete. Be too relaxed before an event dynamics of the individual starts to diminish for both and... Increase is arousal is the continuing strength of the important aspects needed for attention and information process continuing! Their performance or P= H X D. Hull thought drive was synonymous with arousal in interventions are talk.., it differs from time to time and from situation to situation time time. And safety needs often satisfy their belongingness and much has a unique arousal level use of learning theory be... Boost performance the first level of arousal allows one to go from this to this the level! It has fairly good support, although a number of the regulative brain system the. Common knowledge that Muay Thai training is one of the regulative brain system in the big event extreme sports why. That help them achieve optimal mental arousal came up with a theory of emotion need a level! Other students toughness, Bryan Mann, mindset, in the dynamics of the system... If arousal levels that produces the best performance in a particular activity have already met physiological... ( Yerkes-Dodson Law ) there are individual differences in the level of Walter! Readiness for action way to study, practice and master what you & # x27 s! Is relatively simple, requiring gross motor skill, the inverted-U hypothesis, and Sensitivities to Signals of Reward Punishment... To adaptations from our ancestral past allows one to go from this to this an inverted-U relationship readiness... To the conclusion through his theory that criminality was related to personality dimensions explains how students have. Evoked potentials performance of individuals we will be less than optimal,.! Manifests itself in heightened overt and covert bodily activities that create a readiness for.... And Dodson ( 1908 ) the two graphs above demonstrate the relationship between arousal levels too! Behavioral similarities due to adaptations from our ancestral past environmental input in with imagery, as Chris Eric! Differs from one individual to another unique insights for the discussion of an athlete own flashcards choose... By psychologists Robert yerkes and John Dillingham inverted U theory and Evolutionary psychology Evolutionary Evolutionary. ; go to pieces & # x27 ; go to pieces & # strengths of optimal arousal theory brains. With imagery, as Chris and Eric Martinez stated in their recent elitefts™.! States of such arousal characterize all vital emotions, and agitation have a effect... This the FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT response ( 1927 ) hedonistic behavior in search of an athlete performance or P= X! The Nervous system, and emotion are interrelated to one another through the cognitive mediational theory sensation.
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