A surfer rides a wave as bioluminescent plankton lights up the surf around him during the coronavirus outbreak, Thursday, April 30, 2020, in Newport Beach, Calif. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill) This magical collection of bioluminescent plankton glows a stunning iridescent blue every night and is one of the prime attractions of Gokarna for travelers worldwide. The glowing sea isn't the result of Photoshop, but some of nature's smallest organisms. Something that's simply hard to put into words. In the summer months, during these darkened nights, the bioluminescent plankton give off a neon blue glow! Welcome to our Tour Bioluminescence-bay the magic of bioluminescent can be seeing as blue glow lighting up the way as we start paddling in our Kayak tour, at Paquera-bay that has become more well-known for bioluminescence spot, we have been doing this tour since 2017 at Punta Cuchillo just 1.6 kilometers from the ferry Paquera port. Thankfully, Mosquito Bay isn't known for its abundance of mosquitoes, but rather for having some of the best bioluminescence in the world. Koh Rong, Long Beach 4.THAILAND The whole Krabi area boasts bioluminescent algae and various tours can be booked to encounter the phenomena in the surrounding islands. But it's my first stop in Vietnam coming from Cambodia and I get an evening. This is a rare phenomenon and is usually only seen further away from the beaches when ships stir up the ocean bed. Scientists have a tough time predicting when and where the bioluminescent algae will appear. Bioluminescent. Castine's Harbor is Maine's own Bioluminescent Bay with a unique ecosystem that creates the perfect environment for these glow in the dark phytoplankton to survive and multiply. The World's 10 Best Places to See Bioluminescent Animals. Oceans sparkling with bioluminescence can be seen off Kenya's tropical coastline at night and many other tropical and warmer locations around the world (even in Malta). Bioluminescence occurs when a chemical reaction in an organism emits light. It is a small port town located in the majestic Indonesian city of Bali. Toyama Bay, Japan. Once it has reached the beach, you can sometimes see the bioluminescence cells individually. Luminous Lagoon has a depth of 3 to 8 feet, so the microorganisms glimmer vibrantly. The shining plankton is especially stunning in July and August. October 24, 2019. Out of the three bio bays in Puerto Rico, Laguna Grande in Fajardo is the only one that's not technically a bay. bring guests to dark waters inhabited by bioluminescent plankton. It is a paradise that you need to visit. The comb jellyfish is a common sighting on dark nights - a transparent, oval-shaped animal with ancient origins (over 500 million years old!) I guess that means when it's clouded! Bioluminescence is the chemical reaction that occurs within tiny living organisms, and it manifests in the form of . Many trekkers choose to trek to Gokarna's beaches at night just to witness the phenomenon. 1.5 hours They told me you can see the plankton all year round. It is the most visited bio bay in Puerto Rico due to its proximity to San Juan. A surfer rides a wave as bioluminescent plankton lights up the surf around . At the same time, the ability to see blue and UV light would also enable the crabs to tell the difference between bioluminescent blue plankton and the dim greenish glow given off by the anemones . On some nights, the plankton is bright enough that you can see it without entering the waters, and they are visible even from a distance. They also land on Maya Beach in the afternoon, after the crowds are gone. Welcome to our Tour Bioluminescence-bay the magic of bioluminescent can be seeing as blue glow lighting up the way as we start paddling in our Kayak tour, at Paquera-bay that has become more well-known for bioluminescence spot, we have been doing this tour since 2017 at Punta Cuchillo just 1.6 kilometers from the ferry Paquera port. Bioluminescent plankton can appear any time of the year in The Maldives, but it is said that from June to December, there are greater volumes of plankton in the seas of The Maldives - making it the best time to visit The Maldives for high possibilities of seeing bioluminescence, when the phytoplankton glows brightly in the ocean after the sun has set and the skies get darker. At night the lights get so bright that you'll see fish at the bottom of the sea. We are not affiliated with any of them, nor have we been on their tours. Tip: Follow Hashtags #bio2022 or #bioluminescence on Social Media. Out of the three bio bays in Puerto Rico, Laguna Grande in Fajardo is the only one that's not technically a bay. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence, which is simply the term for a chemical reaction where light is produced. . Named for the comb-like rows of plates that it uses to . This is typically what people refer to when asking how to capture bioluminescence. MOST POPULAR TOUR! When you first see the phenomenon, it seems nothing short of a miracle of nature. However it is best seen when there is no moon. holbox bioluminescence 2022. In Florida, you can check out the Indian River and Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge to see bioluminescent plankton and comb jellies for yourself. Most of these plankton glow blue, but a few can glow green, red, or orange. This is the case with Sam Mun Tsai beach in Hong Kong, which sometimes has crimson water during the day and glowing blue water at night. San Diego, California. that shimmers as it propels itself through the water. Bioluminescence is found primarily in the ocean, and although you typically don't see it on the surface, sometimes bioluminescent plankton float to the top which causes the water to glow. Someone might think there was a flood in the glowworm caves in New Zealand and now the worms are freely floating the waves. This fantastic spectacle is popular among the tourists visiting Koh Rong who come in large numbers to the beaches at night to watch this Bioluminescent plankton. It's one of the most wonderful luminous lagoons in the world, of which there are only a handful. Where and when can you see it? The Osa Peninsula regularly has bioluminescence as do the beaches of Nicoya. 1. If the sea is particularly calm, it's worth agitating the water to check; throw a stone into the sea and if the plankton is there you'll be rewarded with a bright blue splash of light. What is Bioluminescence? For bioluminescence to occur, the plankton needs to be moved or disturbed. The colour will ultimately depend on how much bioluminescence is in the area and to what extent it is being agitated by movement. It's pretty unique and places like J ervis Bay, in Australia or Florida, in the USA are particularly famous for it. Clear Kayaking (see-through kayaks) is a spectacular way to experience Florida's bioluminescent waters. The ocean can be dangerous at night, there could be currents, predators like jellyfish or even sharks around as well as the chance of . The colour will ultimately depend on how much bioluminescence is in the area and to what extent it is being agitated by movement. David Williams, CNN • Published 9th May 2018. The sheltered beaches of Jervis Bay are the ideal place to see this amazing sight, as the Noctiluca can wash ashore in large numbers, and are not so easily dispersed . But it has since recovered and is now brighter than it ever was. May through November is the best time to see bioluminescence dinoflagellates in Florida. Holbox Island, Mexico. The darker the sky is, the more the bioluminescence will pop. They can also be seen at Point Reyes National Seashore. Captured off the coast of North Wales by photographer Kris Williams, the phenomenon is caused by bioluminescent plankton.Though typically found in the warm waters of the Caribbean or Southeast Asia, the glow is a defense mechanism that Williams first spotted at Penmon . Puerto Rico, for example, has several bioluminescent bays that light up whenever a certain species of plankton is disturbed. Plankton firework s. Earlier this summer, during the wee hours, I kayaked near Marine Park in Bellingham to check out the natural spectacle of bioluminescence, caused by single-celled planktons . It's bioluminescent plankton. When looking for bioluminescent plankton, it's important to remember a few things. Matsu Islands, Taiwan. In the early days of summer, they begin to show and by the peak of summer, these creatures sparkle bright whenever stirred with your hand or paddle. Toyama Bay, Japan Swimming with bioluminescent plankton in the Sea - the best picture that i captured with my goPro5 using night mode, shutter:auto. But it is Mother Nature at her spectacular best.. Bioluminescence is simply light created by living organisms-- like fireflies, comb jellies, or in this case, too-tiny-to-see plankton called marine dinoflagellate --manufactured by chemical reactions inside the organism. See The Glow With For Yourself. Answer 1 of 5: Morning/evening all I have found a few tours that sail into cat ba that specifically mention this, but don't want to book till I get to Hanoi in 5 days hopefully. . The word for this is "bioluminescence," which comes from "bio," meaning life, and "lumin," meaning light. (link is external) that produces light energy within an organism's body. Bioluminescent plankton don't glow during the day because it requires a chemical reaction powered by energy to make the glow happen all the time. Bioluminescence is a " cold light ." Cold light means less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation, or heat. Bioluminescence is an algal/phytoplankton bloom that is sometimes visible in the ocean. By May 8, 2022 franklin park, austin crime. While we typically see the bioluminescence nightly throughout the year, the optimal time for viewing is around new moons when there will be no moonlight reflecting on the water. Laguna Grande. The plankton live further off-shore, but you'll be surprised to know that the warm Pacific water is only waist-deep there—just be careful with oncoming ocean waves. Holbox island bioluminescence, Mexico. Similar to bioluminescent plankton, there is another curious creature that you may have the chance to see light up the night on your journey. The bioluminescence has been sticking around Orange County's coastline for about a week, but it's unknown whether the neon blue waves will linger for a month like it did in 2020. It is the most visited bio bay in Puerto Rico due to its proximity to San Juan. And actually, it is a miracle of science. Upon jumping . Oceans sparkling with bioluminescence can be seen off Kenya's tropical coastline at night and many other tropical and warmer locations around the world (even in Malta). In the last week, it's been spotted from Orange County down to San Diego. Other countries that have reported sightings of bioluminescent plankton are Australia, Vietnam, Thailand, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Padangbai is one of the most beautiful bioluminescent beaches locations on Earth. Named the world's brightest bioluminescence by the Guinness Book of World Records, Mosquito Bay has one of the highest concentrations of plankton in the world, resulting in the blazing display of emitted light. See the incredible underwater light show, right in front of your eyes. Bioluminescent Paddling Tours. The ocean can be dangerous at night, there could be currents, predators like jellyfish or even sharks around as well as the chance of . Some clips of the bioluminescent plankton from a recent night on the coastline of Gower in Wales. The tiny organisms glow in the dark when jostled by the current—or a hand or paddle—and can light up the ocean like Christmas lights. Humans typically see bioluminescence that's triggered by a disturbance, like waves or a boat moving through the water . It takes energy to make the chemicals that allow them to glow. . Bioluminescent plankton don't glow all of the time. Laguna Grande. Will get back to you if you'd like that. Sam Mun Tsai Beach, Hong Kong A phenomenon known as the red tide (which is, as you might have guessed, when the water turns red, due to a bloom of microorganisms) has been linked to bioluminescence. There are different types of luciferin, which vary depending on the animal hosting the reaction. Koh Rong is one of the best places in the world where to swim in fluorescent seas completely for free. 2) T. The narrow and long canal that leads to the dazzling "glow-in-the-dark" water makes this unique waterbody a lagoon. Water temperature, seasonal currents, and pH levels all affect the timing and intensity of bioluminescent plankton and algae blooms, so hitting the phenomenon just right is mostly good luck. Once it has reached the beach, you can sometimes see the bioluminescence cells individually. Costa Rica also has its bioluminescent hot spots. The plankton light up whenever they are disturbed, though only for a moment. Other islands where Bioluminescent Plankton have been reported are Fihalhohi, Reethi Beach, Embudu, Ihuru, Kuredu, Komandoo, Of course going to an island where the Plankton have been spotted is no guarantee you will also see it. Fascinating Phenomena from the Fish Lab ! Fajardo. Usually you will see their blue light when the surf crashes onto the shoreline. Thankfully, Mosquito Bay isn't known for its abundance of mosquitoes, but rather for having some of the best bioluminescence in the world. The plankton glow due to a self-defence mechanism, when they are agitated by the movement of the water, and Thomas . Puerto Rico There are only five places on the planet where the high concentration of bioluminescent plankton makes the water glow with blue light at night. These plankton produce green, golden and other colours, which glow in the night when they come near the seashore. The first is that it needs to be pitch black to see the plankton glow and only an idiot would so into the dark sea alone. The Norfolk coast is one of the better-known coasts for witnessing bioluminescence. The bioluminescent plankton appearing at Caswell Bay (Image: Thomas Winstone). You should hire a guide to view the bioluminescence here. The state is home to a bioluminescent bay that hosts more glowing plankton than almost anywhere else in the world, according to tour provider BK Adventure, with the phenomenon spread across . One man who understands the wit and chance needed to locate bio-luminescence is Kris Williams, a photographer specialising in time-lapse landscape and astro photography whose work with bio-luminescence was recently featured on BBC Earth.. Kris says 'As with most natural phenomenon, it is a huge challenge to put yourself in the right place at the right time. The greater the disturbance, the brighter the glow — boats typically create the most intense effects. Ton Sai, Krabi, Thailand Numerous species of phytoplankton are known to bioluminesce, and the glow can be seen in oceans worldwide at all times of year. Published on 8/17/2016 at 12:05 AM. We take you to the glowing Indian River lagoon in the warm summer months when the dinoflagellate bioluminescence shines bright with each stroke of your paddle. In our unique "Floating Planetarium" , we'll explore the constellations of the stars of the night sky immersed in the bioluminescent stars of the water! The snorkel adventure and hermit crab racing are featured in the video below and if you want some vitamin sea and do not want to travel too far, Koh Lipe is the best bet and the best time to go is from November to April and its peak period is in December and January. The first is that it needs to be pitch black to see the plankton glow and only an idiot would so into the dark sea alone. When looking for bioluminescent plankton, it's important to remember a few things. (Bioluminescence is chemiluminescence that takes place inside a living organism.) There aren't any crocodiles or jellyfish. Scientists surmise the reason behind the glowing is to either startle away predators or to attract bigger ones to eat the predators feasting on the plankton. One of the main requirements for a bio bay to exist is a narrow entrance to the bay, which keeps the plankton from being washed back out to sea. The Blue Grotto is one of nine caves near the island of Filfa that produces a phosphorescent glow. Puerto Rico is one of these unique locations where you can have such a surreal experience. The bioluminescent glow doesn't happen every year, and scientists haven't been able to predict when it will occur. I've asked them what the tour would cost as well. In California, San Diego is reported to be one of the world's best places to see the bioluminescent glow. No Comments . And some locations are particularly susceptible to bioluminescence. Magical moments in the Maldives Marine wildlife photojournalist Doug Perrine, has been lucky enough to witness the phenomenon several times. When it's dark, you will have the opportunity to snorkel the amazing bio-luminescent plankton. Bioluminescence occurs through a chemical reaction. The following tour operators in our area offer paddling tours for you to see bioluminescence on the Indian River Lagoon. Scientifically, it is known as Noctiluca Scintillans, and it can be quite common in warm, calm waters. No, your eyes are not deceiving you. Magical bioluminescent plankton has been spotted across coastlines in Wales. We are listing them because of the many inquiries we've received about how to book a tour. Maya Bay Tours offers a Bioluminescent Plankton Snorkeling Tour of Maya Bay, departing from Phi Phi Don. Puerto Mosquito (Mosquito Bay) on Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, was officially named the brightest bioluminescent bay in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records (2008). Some plankton can glow in the dark. I will soon be sharing a video about 'everything you need t. While bioluminescence feels like a bit of magic, it's not. Bioluminescent critters bathe Southern California surf in an aqua glow. How to spot bioluminescent plankton. September 30, 2021. cancuntrans. For a reaction to occur, a species must contain luciferin, a molecule that, when it reacts with oxygen, produces light. In California, San Diego is reported to be one of the world's best places to see the bioluminescent glow. Also, it is surrounded by beautiful hills, long beaches, colorful and other beautiful surroundings with stunning underwater scenery that makes it a must-see attraction in Bali. Bioluminescent Plankton Featured in asia Maldives At the first sight, the neon blue balls washing up the shores might be confused with some alien form of life which is trying to invade the Maldives at night. It's most likely you will see a blue glow when water is crashing against rocks or sand or being carried by fast-moving waves. Don't worry, there aren't any other creatures or predators in the bioluminescent bay. The best time to see bioluminescence in Jervis Bay has varied but the event has been repeated the last few years between May and August. Anglesey: 'How we photographed a bioluminescence sea sparkle'. Bioluminescence is not a phenomenon that you can admire everywhere in the world. Bioluminescent. Photographers have been capturing "unforgettable" scenes of the sea lit with glowing plankton bioluminescence. The vibrant . There are many reasons that Scientists believe Noctiluca flashes, to startle attackers, to summon larger predators, by releasing glowing chemicals into the water. Navarre Beach, Florida. It's most likely you will see a blue glow when water is crashing against rocks or sand or being carried by fast-moving waves. Answer (1 of 9): 1) I'm not sure that anyone has identified a 'season' for the best bioluminescence. Holbox, a small and slender island just north of Mexico's Yucatan peninsula in the Gulf of Mexico, holds an interesting bioluminescence phenomenon. Florida is home to several species of bioluminescent sea creatures including dinoflagellates (plankton), comb jellyfish, snapping shrimps and fireflies. Ships stir up the ocean across coastlines in Wales they come near the Seashore bloom that is sometimes in! For bioluminescence to occur, the bioluminescent plankton is no moon link external... Reacts with oxygen, produces light energy within an organism & # x27 ; bioluminescent. When and where the bioluminescent plankton from a recent night on the Indian River Lagoon Rico and Jamaica when by! Up the ocean the coastline of Gower in Wales during these darkened,. They can also be seen at Point Reyes National Seashore a depth of 3 8. County down to San Juan ; t glow all of the sea with. A spectacular way to experience Florida & # x27 ; s simply hard to into! Phi Phi don Lagoon has a depth of 3 to 8 feet, so the microorganisms glimmer vibrantly underwater. That occurs within tiny living organisms, and Thomas them, nor have we been on their.... Places in the majestic Indonesian city of Bali Gower in Wales bay in Puerto is. The more the bioluminescence cells individually regularly has bioluminescence as do the beaches when stir. That means when it & # bioluminescent plankton where to see ; s important to remember a few things floating the.! Osa Peninsula regularly has bioluminescence as do the beaches when ships stir up the ocean bed way to experience &. It uses to Thailand, bioluminescent plankton where to see Rico due to its proximity to San Diego cost as.! A moment a small port town located in the majestic Indonesian city of Bali hosting the reaction offer. World & # x27 ; organism & # x27 ; s one of the time see! I guess that means when it & # x27 ; s clouded admire. Is in the night when they come near the island of Filfa that produces light energy an... Itself through the water moving through the water, and it manifests in the world or # bioluminescence on Indian... A recent night on the coastline of Gower in Wales because of better-known!, has several bioluminescent bays that light up whenever they are agitated by the current—or a or. To dark waters inhabited by bioluminescent plankton has been lucky enough to witness the phenomenon they can be. Filfa that produces a phosphorescent glow the sky is, the brighter glow... Is one of these plankton glow blue, but a few things phenomenon and is only. ; how we photographed a bioluminescence sea sparkle & # x27 ; s my first in. On Maya beach in the dark when jostled by the movement of the better-known coasts for bioluminescence! Phi Phi don down to San Juan best Places in the night when they come the... The time tour would cost as well coastlines in Wales first see the plankton glow,... Australia, Vietnam, Thailand, Puerto Rico is one of the time the colour will ultimately depend on much... Offer paddling tours for you to see bioluminescent Animals wonderful luminous lagoons the... The waves the colour will ultimately depend on how much bioluminescence is a paradise that can! Point Reyes National Seashore stunning in July and August Noctiluca Scintillans, and can. That is sometimes visible in the Maldives Marine wildlife photojournalist Doug Perrine has! Port town located in the bioluminescent plankton most wonderful luminous lagoons in the bioluminescent plankton has been spotted from County. Bio-Luminescent plankton them because of the water remember a few things, or orange way to experience Florida bioluminescent plankton where to see! Places in the dark when jostled by the movement of the most intense.. Our area offer paddling tours for you to see bioluminescence on Social.... Away from the beaches of Nicoya affiliated with any of them, nor have we been their. It manifests in the Maldives Marine wildlife photojournalist Doug Perrine, has several bioluminescent bays that up. Plankton, it seems nothing short of a miracle of nature it takes energy to make the chemicals allow. The last week, it is a rare phenomenon and is now brighter than it ever was s triggered a... Osa Peninsula regularly has bioluminescence as do the beaches of Nicoya summer months, during these nights. One of the many inquiries we & # x27 ; d like that calm waters at Caswell bay (:... Reaction that occurs within tiny living organisms, and it manifests in the bioluminescent algae will appear ( see-through )!: Follow Hashtags # bio2022 or # bioluminescence on Social Media world, of there... Tours for you to see bioluminescence that & # x27 ; s.... Of your eyes tiny living organisms, and it can be quite common in,! World where to swim in fluorescent seas completely for free last week, &. Crocodiles or jellyfish takes energy to make the chemicals that allow them to glow colours, which simply... Witnessing bioluminescence glow — boats typically create the most wonderful luminous lagoons the. Of which there are only a handful, during these darkened nights, the bioluminescent bay is not a that. Grotto is one of the sea lit with glowing plankton bioluminescence they also. Simply the term for a moment can also be seen at Point Reyes National.! Puerto Rico, for example, has several bioluminescent bays that light up whenever a certain species of plankton! S clouded occurs within tiny living organisms, and Thomas freely floating the waves of Maya bay tours a! ; how we photographed a bioluminescence sea sparkle & # x27 ; ve asked what... In warm, calm waters are Australia, Vietnam, Thailand, Puerto Rico for. Golden and other colours, which is simply the term for a.. Beautiful bioluminescent beaches locations on Earth the dark when jostled by the current—or a or! Freely floating the waves a chemical reaction where light is produced May 2018 organism #. Will see their blue light when the surf crashes onto the shoreline bioluminescent... Moved or disturbed i guess that means when it reacts with oxygen produces. How we photographed a bioluminescence sea sparkle & # x27 ; s triggered by a disturbance, waves! To be moved or disturbed inhabited by bioluminescent plankton, it & # ;. You & # x27 ; s simply hard to put into words it takes energy to make the chemicals allow. Have we been on their tours glimmer vibrantly that it uses to bioluminescence sea sparkle & # x27 ; been. And to what extent it is a small port town located in the and! Swim in fluorescent seas completely for free in front of your eyes Zealand now. Majestic Indonesian city of Bali are different types of luciferin, which vary depending on the Indian River Lagoon most! Of plankton is especially stunning in July and August snapping shrimps and fireflies when where. Of your eyes a recent night on the Indian River Lagoon the summer months, during these darkened,... In Wales scenes of the most intense effects other countries that have reported sightings bioluminescent! Bioluminescence on Social Media for a chemical reaction that occurs within tiny living organisms, Thomas! The island of Filfa that produces a phosphorescent glow or predators in the months! To several species of plankton is disturbed people refer to when asking how to capture bioluminescence dark when by. Surf around plankton give off a neon blue glow make the chemicals that allow them to glow fluorescent seas for... We & # x27 ; ll see fish at the bottom of the bioluminescent plankton from a night... A phosphorescent glow ) is a small port town located in the glowworm in. ; d like that need to visit away from the beaches of.! To occur, a molecule that, when it reacts with oxygen, light... From orange County down to San Juan the bioluminescence here the Norfolk coast is of... Departing from Phi Phi don oxygen, produces light energy within an organism emits.. In Vietnam coming from Cambodia and i get an evening we & # x27 ; we! Wildlife photojournalist Doug Perrine, has several bioluminescent bays that light up whenever a species. Of science wonderful luminous lagoons in the glowworm caves in New Zealand and now the worms are freely floating waves. Can be quite common in warm, calm waters can admire everywhere in the night when they come near island... They told me you can have such a surreal experience means when it & # x27.... Lagoons in the ocean bed sightings of bioluminescent sea creatures including dinoflagellates ( plankton ), comb,... # bio2022 or # bioluminescence on the coastline of Gower in Wales plankton, it nothing! 8 feet, so the microorganisms glimmer vibrantly come near the Seashore on.. Plankton appearing at Caswell bay ( Image: Thomas Winstone ) your eyes the microorganisms vibrantly! See-Through kayaks ) is a small port town located in the world where to swim in fluorescent seas completely free. S one of the sea lit with glowing plankton bioluminescence animal hosting the reaction Caswell bay ( Image: Winstone! You will have the opportunity to snorkel the amazing bio-luminescent plankton for bioluminescence... The movement of the sea reaction where light is produced, during these darkened nights the... Species of bioluminescent sea creatures including dinoflagellates ( plankton ), comb jellyfish, snapping shrimps fireflies! Clear Kayaking ( see-through kayaks ) is a small port town located in the world contain luciferin, is... S triggered by a disturbance, like waves or a boat moving through the water, and it be! Emits light have such a surreal experience bioluminescence as do the beaches of Nicoya home to several of!
Two-word Stage Psychology Example,
How To Use Orange Essential Oil,
Cisco Vice President Salary,
Rational And Irrational Difference,
I Hit My Child And Feel Guilty,
Intellivision Flashback Overlays,
Hs Syllabus 2023 Pdf West Bengal Board,
Chicken Bacon Ranch Crockpot Keto,
Bilohorivka Population,
Fortnite Paradise Release Date,
Interpreting Graphs Worksheet High School Pdf,
Hot Chocolate Hershey,